Napoleon Bonaparte His Successes and Failures

This paper is aimed at discussing Napoleon Bonaparte who can be regarded as one of the most significant figures in the history of the nineteenth century. He was the military and political leader of France during the period between 1799 and 1815.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His rule produced many long-term effects inside and outside France. In particular, one can speak about various changes in the organization of many armies, transformation of national bureaucracies, and dramatic demographic losses in various countries. His actions show that the nineteenth century was a period of significant social and political upheavals which made many nation states more oriented to the needs of people. One can say that Napoleon’s contemporaries might have different attitudes toward him. For instance, his political opponents believed that he had been the tyrant who usurped the power against the will of the public. To some degree, their accusations are quite justified because Napoleon overthrew the Directory and proclaimed himself as the First Consul in 1799. However, his political power was virtually unlimited. Later, he claimed the title of an emperor, and in this way, he undermined the results of the French Revolution. Nevertheless, his supporters regarded him as an unparalleled military genius who transformed the French Army into one of the best ones in the world. In the course of his career, Napoleon achieved more than forty victories. Moreover, approach to warfare was innovative, and it was emulated by other military commanders.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is possible to speak about several important achievement and legacies of Napoleon. First of all, much attention should be paid to the adoption of Napoleoni c Code which shaped the legislation of many counties as France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Spain, and other European states. To a great extent, the adoption improved the functioning of courts and law enforcement agencies. It is possible to say that this legacy was palpable throughout the nineteenth century. Secondly, it is important to emphasize the changes in the military organization, for instance, the increased speed of conscription and the extensive use of artillery. However, one should not forget about the negative legacies of Napoleon. For instance, historians note that during the Napoleonic Wars, France lost approximately 1.4 million people. These military confrontations produced disastrous demographic effects on other countries such as Austria or Russia. Certainly, Napoleon is not the only person who can be blamed for these military conflicts; however, Napoleon could easily accept the necessity to sacrifice thousands of people in order to achieve some political or military goa ls. Moreover, one should not overlook the adverse economic impacts of his rule. For instance, Napoleon’s wars with Great Britain prevented France from participating in overseas trade. Moreover, French manufacturers could not get access to many raw materials.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern historians recognize Napoleon’s military successes and his role in improving the work of many bureaucracies. However, they recognize that his wars ruined millions of lives. Overall, it is important to speak about the political factors that shaped his career. In particular, one can mention the French Revolution which enabled him to rise through military ranks. Much attention should be paid to such the military confrontations with the royalists, for instance, the Siege of Toulon or the defense of Tuileries Palace. The political a nd social upheavals, which engulfed France in the eighteenth century, gave Napoleon an opportunity to display his military talent and determination. This discussion shows that Napoleon was able to change the political landscape of the nineteenth-century Europe. By attempting to create a global empire, he changed the political regimes in various countries and introduced legislation which improved the functioning of bureaucracies. However, his military successes produced catastrophic demographic effects in many countries. This essay on Napoleon Bonaparte: His Successes and Failures was written and submitted by user Hayleigh S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC essay part 2

Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC essay part 2 Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay part 2 Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay part 2  Does the Internet bring greater freedom and democracy to the PRC? essay part  1SECTION 2. Studies of Internet freedom and democracy2.1. Interconnection of information technology democracy. The positive aspectThe achievements in information technology and the development of democracy are of great interest for contemporary researchers and politics. The main task that confronts those who seek to establish this relationship is to find an answer to the question: Does the information technology promote the development of democracy? There are scientists, whose answer is positive. Many researchers tend to believe that democracy and information technology work closely together and add each other. Arguments about the development of information technology and democracy are considered from three positions. The link between advances in information technology (IT) and the development of democracy has become an incr easingly important research agenda among scholars and policy makers. Most studies are based on developed Western democracies, and their main concern is whether IT is capable of promoting and improving the functioning of the existing democracies. Optimistic scholars have argued that a positive link exists between IT and democratic improvement (Zheng Wu, 2005). First theory is the modernization theory, which prevailed in 1950-1960-s, when the Internet was just appearing. At this time, democracy needs a certain economics, sociology; information preconditions get their development through economic growth, industrialization, urbanization and education. Robert Dahl (1971) examines the development and spread of information technology as a useful, and an efficient process in the way of providing the guarantees of democracy (Zheng Wu, 2005). In a second aspect, some scholars have focused on communication and social political sphere and information technology, explaining that information t echnology is a powerful stimulant for the development of civil society and the public sphere. And according to the third position, information technologies give citizens access to political resources, thereby increasing their political participation in a democratic environment (Zheng Wu, 2005).2.2. Internet and democracy the negative aspect of the influenceIn the case of an authoritarian China, scientists have discovered that the Internet can be positioned as an insurmountable threat to the authoritarian regime of the country. Such a threat is possible through the Internet in civil society (Zheng Wu, 2005). At the same time, some researchers, such as Lawrence Lessig (1999), are quite pessimistic about the impact of the Internet on democracy. In particular, Lawrence Lessig argues that the fact that the government can definitely control the Internet, controlling its source code and creating a legal environment does not mean anything good.   It is believed that politically decentr alizing capacities of IT can be overcome by traditional organizational interests, and traditional media firms are succeeding in colonizing new IT (Zheng Wu, 2005).Various human rights organizations of the Western European countries are against the Internet censorship in China. For example, the situation in 2005: an association Reporters without Borders blamed the owners of Internet portal Yahoo! that they have allowed the Chinese authorities to trace the way of letters, which the journalist Shi Tao sent from the mailbox hosted on this portal. In 2006, the Committee of Journalists Protection and the Reporters without Borders again accused corporation Yahoo! for providing data to the Chinese authorities. In that case, it was the employee of the city administration Dazhou Li Zhi, who was sentenced to prison for eight years for having repeatedly stated his political views on public sites and talked with dissidents by email. In May 2011, the Human Rights Law Foundation filed suit to the District Court for the Northern District of California, in which it accused a major American manufacturer of networking equipment Cisco System Company in promoting the Golden Shield. Also, the representatives of Cisco filed suit called totally unfounded and assured that the company has never been involved in the creation of such solutions for the Chinese government and their support. In May 2011, the U.S. State Department has decided to allocate funds for the development of new technologies that would circumvent Internet censorship in China. The new technology will track the material to which access is prohibited, and will purposefully convey them to the public on their own.ConclusionIn China, the Internet is a free zone only in theory, but in reality people have a variety of duties and have to reckon with the restrictions imposed on the use of web controlling bodies. Opinions of experts in assessing the usefulness of existing systems differ: some say that Internet censorship on a national scale is unacceptable; others point out that the traditions of china differ from Western, and most Chinese do not see in these prohibitions anything strange and abnormal. I believe that the Internet should be open and free, but at the same time I can not disagree with the fact that we need to put into consideration the culture of the people, and if necessary, adjust the work of local sites in accordance with the laws, regulations and constraints in the country where they are.

Letter from birminghan jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from birminghan jail - Essay Example King uses logos for explanation or rational presentation of the case directed toward the intellect of the auditor. During this period of time, the main driven forces of equal rights movement included new perception of the world and self, new interpretation of freedom and humans rights. The historical evens changed political viewpoints on the notions of freedom and diversity of blacks and minorities. King states: "In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action" (King 221). Using dramatic descriptions, King vividly portrays that racial relations and racism causes labor division and class struggle. This universal process contains for America a special problem: the proletariat is largely black, and its demand for inclusion thus threatens the political control of a white minority. Using vivid examples, King states: "It is even more unfortunate that the city's white powe r structure left the Negro community with no alternative" (King 221). It is not surprising, therefore, if leading Black intellectuals attack the notion of racial democracy and seek to provide a new narrative which offers a central place to those of African descent. The enslaved African became a 'citizen' as stated under the law, but he also became a 'nigger', cornered from all sides. Through vivid examples, King appeals to the audience stating that this was made apparent in the ways in which ethnic identities were subsumed, and still are, within and between economic identities, a political-economic class identity with the ethnic referent made invisible (Lischer 23). Ethoc (ethical appeal) is founded on the moral character of the speaker as presented in Letter. The first and most important part of ethical appeal is the moral character of the speaker which persuades when his Letter is delivered in a manner rendering him worthy of belief. This confidence is established in and by the speech itself and not through previous notion the audience may have of the speaker. To win trust, confidence, and conviction, the speaker exhibit intelligence, good sense, virtue and goodwill. " Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal"(King 224). King demonstrates his the way he exercises his moral choice. For King, this part is very important because it helps the speaker to establish his ethical values as sensible, virtuous, and trustworthy. Also, King gives special attention to the character of his audience to which he suits his Letter. Kings appeals to the audience stating: "We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was "legal" and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was "illegal" (King 228). As it is essential to impress the audience favorably with his own character, so it is important for him to adapt his tone and sentiments to the audience (Overton 34). Emotional appeal is produced when King places his listeners in a particular state of mind and makes them feel emotion. It induces belief in an audience and appeals to their inner feelings. On the other hand, rights are